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Today we are
going to look at what the Pentecostal and other charismatic churches call
the “gifts of the Holy Spirit” and in particular the so called gift of
speaking in tongues. “Speaking in tongues”, or “Glossolalia,” as it is
properly referred to, is a popular practice with many denominations today,
but it is a phenomenon which can be traced to the days of the Apostles.
This phenomenon, of speaking in tongues, disappeared as a gift of the Holy
Spirit after the death of the Apostles and was unheard of in the centuries
that followed until the Renaissance. It reappeared in the late 17th
century among certain French Calvinists, in the 18th century among British
Quakers and American Methodists and in the 19th century among members of
the Catholic Apostolic Church, in the Mormon churches and other churches.
Most notably we find it with the founding of the Pentecostal movement. The
modern Pentecostal movement dates its origin precisely to 7:00 p.m. on New
Year's Eve of the year 1900. For some time before that moment a Methodist
minister in Topeka, Kansas, Charles Parham, and a small Bible study group
in Kansas began to study the Bible with the aim of discovering the secret
of the power of Apostolic Christianity, in other words why people in
apostolic times were blessed with various powers of the Holy Spirit which
were not apparent in western Christianity in Parham’s time. They deduced
that the secret of their power lay in the "speaking in tongues" which,
they thought, always accompanied the reception of the Holy Spirit in the
Acts of the Apostles. With a lot of excitement and tension, Parham and his
students decided to pray as an experiment until they themselves received
the “Baptism of the Holy Spirit” together with speaking in tongues. On
December 31, 1900, they prayed from morning to night with no success,
until one young girl suggested that one ingredient was missing in this
experiment: “the laying on of hands.” Parham put his hands on the girl’s
head, and immediately she began to speak in an “unknown tongue.” Within
three days there were many such “Baptisms,” including that of Parham
himself and twelve other ministers of various denominations, and all of
them were accompanied by speaking in tongues. Soon the revival spread to
Texas, and then it had spectacular success at a small Black church in Los
Angeles. Since then it has spread throughout the world, especially from
1960 onwards and today claims more than ten million members. Believers who
spoke in tongues began to form Charismatic groups with existing
denominations, both Protestant and Catholic. Before we examine this
“Speaking in tongues” we must look at the scriptural texts by which they
claim their experiences are from the Holy Spirit. These are basically two:
The “Pentecost Glossolalia” and the “Corinthian Glossolalia.” The
Pentecost Glossolalia is the event mentioned in the second chapter of the
Acts of the Apostles. Before we look at the Corinthian Glossolalia let’s
hear the passage from Acts which I believe explains itself as to what the
speaking of foreign tongues by the Grace of the Holy Spirit was:
“When
the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one
place. And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty
wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And there
appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of
them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak
with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. And there were
dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven.
Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were
confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language.
And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are
not all these which speak Galilaeans? And how hear we every man in our own
tongue, wherein we were born? Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the
dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and
Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about
Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians,
we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. And they
were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth
this? Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine. But Peter,
standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye
men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you,
and hearken to my words: For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing
it is but the third hour of the day. But this is that which was spoken by
the prophet Joel; And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I
will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh.” (Acts 2: 1-17)
Before
analysing the Pentecost Glossolalia we must understand how the modern day
“speaking in tongues” is understood and received by those who speak it.
Let’s hear what Tom Brown, the founder and pastor of “Word of Life Church”
in El Paso Texas has to say on the subject. “Many people inaccurately
define speaking in tongues as “speaking gibberish” or “talking nonsense.”
The truth is, speaking in tongues is the most intelligent, perfect
language in the universe. It is God’s language. What language do you
suppose people speak in heaven? Languages are given their name based on
the countries they come from. For example, English comes from England.
Spanish comes from Spain. Italian comes from Italy. Well, where does
tongues come from? It comes from Heaven! Tongues is the heavenly language.
It is what is spoken in heaven; the only difference is that the people in
heaven understand what they are saying. Here on earth Paul says, “For
anyone who speaks in tongues does not speak to men but to God. Indeed, no
one understands him; he utters mysteries with his spirit”. I was baptized
in the Holy Spirit at the First Assembly of God church on Montana. The
preacher asked for those wishing to dedicate themselves to the ministry to
come forward for prayer. The first to come forward was a tall, slender
fellow name Timmy. I thought, “If Timmy can go forward, I can too.” So I
followed him down to the front of the podium. Without notice, something
invisible hit Timmy, and down he went on the floor. Almost immediately,
something hit me too. Down I went, prostrate on the ground. I began to
weep uncontrollably. God’s presence was all over me. This went on for
several minutes. The thought occurred to me, “This must be what my church
has been talking about all these years. What is happening to me must be
the baptism in the Holy Spirit.” No sooner did I think that when I heard
this scripture in my mind, “And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit
and began to speak in other tongues.” If I’m filled with the Holy Spirit,
then I’ll speak in other tongues, I reasoned in my mind. Right then, I
began speaking in other tongues, and I haven’t stopped yet! Glory to God!
You see, the physical proof of the baptism in the Holy Spirit is the same
evidence that the disciples had: speaking in tongues. You may have other
evidences as well, but the one evidence you should have is speaking in
tongues.”
So now let’s
compare Tom Brown’s experience with the cloven tongues of fire on the day
of Pentecost. Tom say’s that something “hit him and he fell down”. In
comparison the Apostles remained as they were when the Holy Spirit
descended as cloven tongues of fire. Already here we see that it cannot be
the Holy Spirit that hit Tom Brown; some other force must be at work.
Nowhere in the Old or New Testament is there mention of people being hit
by the Holy Spirit and falling down. This applies also to the phenomenon
of “being slain in the spirit” where people fall backwards and often
remain in a trance-like state for some considerable time. (This is the
experience that Corrina mentioned a couple of weeks ago of being touched
by an angel). This gift, if we can call it a gift, is also received by the
“laying of hands.” Apart from “speaking in tongues” and being “slain in
the spirit” there are other manifestations of unusual activities such as
“Laughing in the spirit” where the person exhibits uncontrollable fits of
laughter, Getting drunk in the spirit, Weeping in the Spirit, barking like
a dog and many kinds of trembling and contortions, and falling to the
floor. Do these people who experience these activities really believe that
the Holy Spirit makes them act in such ridiculous, undignified and
humiliating mannerisms? Tom mentions that he reasoned in his mind that “If
I’m filled with the Holy Spirit, then I’ll speak in other tongues. Right
then, I began speaking in other tongues and I haven't stopped yet! Of
course the key word is “If”: “If I’m filled with the Holy Spirit”.
Modern day
people who speak in tongues often talk gibberish, sounds that make no
sense. They of course justify their speech as being heavenly language so
of course we cannot understand. If this is so then it cannot be the same
gift the Holy Apostles received at Pentecost because we are told that
everyone present heard them speak intelligible language, the miracle was
that everyone simultaneously heard them speak in his own language. The
Jews of other nations, who had as their mother tongue the language of the
nation in which they lived, marvelled when they heard the Apostles preach
in their own language, for the Apostles were simple men of Galilee and it
was impossible for them to know another language except the Aramaic they
had learned at home. The Jews of other nations understood everything from
the divine preaching of the Apostles. They spoke to them with precision in
their own language concerning the greatness of God, without needing a
translator, and it is in exactly this that the miracle rests. The visitors
to Jerusalem were unable to explain what they witnessed and were full of
wonder. But among the listeners there were also some that did not
understand anything that the Apostles said and subsequently mocked the
Apostles, thinking that they were drunk. This group can be none other than
the residents of Jerusalem, and perhaps those of nearby Palestine, who
didn’t know other languages except their mother tongue, Aramaic. This is
evident from the fact that Peter addressed himself only to these men:
“Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at
Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: For these are
not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day.”
For these men the preaching of the Apostles was completely
unintelligible and they considered it simply incoherent babbling. Thus,
the residents didn’t understand anything from the preaching, unless
someone translated it for them. So why then didn’t the residents
understand? The answer is simple: because they had already heard and
experienced Christ in the flesh. They saw and heard many miracles and that
should have been enough for them to believe. The purpose of the Gift of
Tongues was for the Apostles to be able to spread, by their preaching in
foreign languages, the Faith of Christians to all people and to make the
Gospel known throughout the world, as it is written:
“Their sound hath gone forth into all the earth, and their words unto the
ends of the world” (Ps. 18:4). Glossolalia was a sign of the power
of God and, as a decisive means of proselytism, to teach people who were
ignorant of Christ and his teaching. It was not intended or necessary for
the locals who had first hand experience of Christ.
It is evident
that the Pentecost experience has nothing in common with the Modern day
Pentecostal experiences and so they very wrongly call themselves the
Pentecostal Church. Now the other New Testament experience of talking in
tongues is called The Corinthian Glossolalia and is found in St. Paul’s
1st Epistle to the Corinthians. The text is the following:
“There are diversities of gifts, but the same
Spirit. And there are differences of administrations, but the same Lord.
And there are diversities of activities, but it is the same God who works
all in all. But the manifestation of the Spirit is given to each one for
the profit of all. For to one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom;
to another the word of knowledge by the same Spirit; To another faith by
the same Spirit; to another the gifts of healing by the same Spirit; To
another the working of miracles; to another prophecy; to another
discerning of spirits; to another different kinds of tongues; to another
the interpretation of tongues: But one and the same Spirit works all these
things, distributing to each one individually as he wills.” (Corin. 12:
4-11)
In 1 Corinthians there are two more chapters that deal with the
gift of tongues which we will refer to as we progress into our examination
of the gift.
The Corinthian
Glossolalia was different to the Pentecost Glossolalia. Both were an
activity of the Holy Spirit, but whereas the Pentecost Glossolalia was
understood by the speaker and the listener, the Corinthian Glossolalia was
not.
The Glossolalia manifested in Corinth was the utterance of words, phrases,
sentences, etc., intelligible to God but not to the person uttering them.
What was uttered needed to be interpreted by another who had the gift of
interpretation. When the person spoke, his soul became passive and his
understanding became inactive. He was in a state of ecstasy. While the
words or sounds were prayer and praise, they were not clear in meaning and
gave the impression of something mysterious. The phenomenon included
sighs, groanings, shoutings, cries and utterances of disconnected speech,
sometimes jubilant and sometimes ecstatic. There is no question — the
Church of Corinth had Glossolalia; St. Paul attests to that and makes
mention of it. But he also cautions the Corinthian Christians about
excessive use; especially to the exclusion of the other more important
gifts. Now why was this gift manifest only to the Corinthians and not to
all the Church? At that time Corinth was greatly influenced by Greek
paganism which included demonstrations, frenzies and orgies all
intricately interwoven into their religious practices. When St. Paul
preached to the Corinthians they were still worshipping the pagan god
Dionysius and were living under the influence of Dionysiac religious
customs. It was natural that they would find certain similarities more
familiar and appealing. Thus the Corinthians began to put more stress on
certain gifts like Glossolalia. St. Paul was concerned about their ties
and memories of the old life and was compelled to warn them of using the
gift of tongues excessively. There are many similarities of the Dionysiac
pagan rites with modern day Pentecostal experiences. When they found
themselves before a diabolic idol they would fall into ecstasy or a
trance, shaking and making rhythmic movements with their body, and tumble
on the ground, with a few even foaming at the mouth like the
demon-possessed we read of in the Bible. Next they would get up and sing
rhapsodic melodies and make exclamations with demonic delight. The same
happened with the Montanists, heretics of the first and second centuries
after Christ, the Gnostics, and later the Methodists, the Quakers, the
Pentecostals and many others. These groups took to making uncanny and
strange turns and movements of the body, had hallucinations and were in
delusion, and thought that all of this came from God, when in actuality it
comes from demons who are familiar with Holy Scripture and who lead into
delusion the unsuspecting, cheating them with words taken even from Holy
Scripture.
In chapter 14,
St. Paul says: “I would that ye all spake with
tongues but rather that ye prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth
than he that speaketh with tongues, except he interpret, that the church
may receive edifying. Now, brethren, if I come unto you speaking with
tongues, what shall I profit you, except I shall speak to you either by
revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by doctrine?”
Here St. Paul mentions that he would like all of us to speak in tongues
but a greater gift that tongues is the gift of prophesying because
speaking in tongues needs to be interpreted for the good of the whole
church. What would be the need for unintelligible language if no-one can
profit from it.
St. Paul says: “except you utter by the tongue words
easy to be understood, how will it be known what is spoken? For you will
be speaking into the air.” (Cor. 14:9)
“Therefore if I know not the meaning of the language, I shall be unto him
that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto
me.” (Cor. 14:11)
St. Paul continues to say that the person speaking in an unknown tongue
should also pray that he may interpret what he says. And if someone prays
in an unknown tongue and his spirit prays but his understanding is
unfruitful then what would the point of it? What purpose does it serve?
When someone prays in the spirit he must also pray with understanding.
When someone sings in the spirit, he must sing with understanding also.
How can someone in the same room say Amen, at any giving of thanks, seeing
that he doesn’t have a clue to what you have said? (Cor. 14:13-16) St.
Paul testifies that he himself speaks with tongues more than any of his
listeners but in the Church he would rather speak five words with
understanding, that have meaning, so that his voice would teach and edify
others than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue. (Cor. 14:18-19) St.
Paul continues to explain the reason for tongues, he says:
“tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe,
but to them that believe not.” (Cor. 14:22) In other words if one
believes in Christ he has no need of tongues. Its use should be to teach
people who are ignorant of Christ and his teaching as it was used at
Pentecost to teach people from other countries.
Modern
Pentecostals should pay special attention to what St. Paul says next: If
the whole church was to come together into one place, and everyone spoke
with tongues, and someone came in who hadn’t heard of Christ or was an
unbeliever, wouldn’t he say that you were all mad? So how is it that when
you come together every one of you has a psalm, a tongue, a revelation, an
interpretation. He mentions that if they speak in tongues only two or
three persons at the most should speak and another person to interpret,
but if there is no interpreter then they should keep silent. (Cor. 14:
23-30) “For God is not the author of confusion, but
of peace, as in all churches of the saints.” (Cor. 14: 33) The
confusion in their assemblies is proof that what they have is not from God
– God is not the author of confusion.
The gift of
speaking in foreign tongues or Glossolalia was not given by God for all
time, until the end of the world. It was a sign given to the Church only
for a short period of time, with the aim of making it easier for those of
other religions to convert to Christianity. St Paul himself prophesied
that the gift of speaking in foreign tongues would cease.
“Love” he said “will
never fail: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether
there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall
vanish away.” (1 Cor. 13:8) The Gift of tongues therefore served
its purpose in the beginning of Christianity in order to awaken the
idol-worshippers and Jews to belief in Christ. The first Christians would
not have believed if they had not received signs. We on the other hand
should not seek for signs to believe. “Blessed are
those who have not seen and yet believe.” (John 20:29) It should be
noted that the gift of tongues was regarded as one of the lesser or minor
gifts of the Holy Spirit. When St. Paul explained to the Galatians what
the fruits of the Holy Spirit were he said “the
fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness,
goodness, faith, meekness, temperance . . .” (Gal. 5: 22-23).
Speaking in foreign languages is not referred to anywhere as being fruit
of the Holy Spirit. This is because it was a gift that was given for only
a short period of time in the church while the other gifts referred to by
the Apostle are gifts that all Christians in all times must have
throughout their lives. The gift of glossologia is not a common gift of
grace, in other words it was not given to everyone (1 Cor. 12:10). How,
then, can we consider it a precondition of salvation and a requirement for
the presence of the Holy Spirit in our life when it is not given to
everyone? The Apostle Paul says, “Do all speak in
tongues?” (1 Cor. 12:30).
The Orthodox
Church does not rule out Glossolalia. She simply does not regard it as one
of the important gifts of the Spirit. She feels along with St. Paul that
it is better to “speak five words that can be
understood … than speak thousands of words in strange tongues.” If
Glossolalia has fallen out of use it is because it served its purpose in
New Testament times and is no longer necessary.
Modern day
Charismatics are deluded when they say that they are Baptized in the Holy
Spirit. They say there is a baptism of water and a baptism of the Spirit
which is totally different from baptism with water. This baptism of the
Spirit showers upon them various miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit,
especially that of Glossolalia and the interpretation of Scripture, as
happened also at Pentecost with the Apostles. Is it possible that there
are two Christian baptisms? Doesn’t it say in Holy Scripture that there is
one and only one baptism? St. Paul tells us there is but
“one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and
Father of all…” (Ephes. 4: 5) The baptism of
“the Holy Spirit and fire” (Luke 3:16) of Pentecost is none other
than the Christian baptism which was pre-announced by both Saint John the
Baptist and the Saviour Himself (Matth. 3:11, Acts 1:5) and which He said
would happen by “water and the Spirit”. In
other words not a baptism by water alone, as with the baptism of John, nor
only by the Spirit (John. 3:5). These two elements, the one visible and
the other invisible, constitute the two most necessary requirements for
the one and only Christian baptism. A baptism not of the Holy Spirit
alone, neither of Christ alone, but a baptism in the Holy Trinity, Father,
Son and Holy Spirit as Christ himself instructed:
“Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.” (Matth. 28: 19) The
gifts of the Holy Spirit are received with the anointing of the Holy
Myron, (Chrismation) which in the early church was received by the laying
of hands. It is symbolic of the tongues of fire that descended upon the
Apostles on the day of Pentecost and were thus filled with the Holy
Spirit. The Apostles in turn, passed on the gifts of the Holy Spirit to
others by the laying on of their hands upon the heads of the faithful:
“Then laid they their hands on them, [those who were
baptized] and they received the Holy Ghost” (Acts 8: 17). “And when Paul
had laid his hands upon them, the Holy Ghost came on them” (Acts 19: 6).
The Apostles
also ordained bishops who were also empowered with the laying on of their
hands to give the gift of the Holy Spirit. As the Church grew, it was
impossible for the bishops to be present at all the Baptisms and so the
Church introduced the use of the Holy Myron which through prayers by the
bishops was sanctified and then given to the priests to anoint the newly
baptized. In this way it was not necessary for a bishop to be present.
Whether the recipient received the gifts of the Holy Spirit by the laying
on of the bishop’s hand or through the Chrism, the Sacrament was truly
administered, for both these are the sensible and visible elements of the
Sacrament. The invisible and supernatural element is always Divine Grace.
Each Orthodox
Christian receives at baptism the gifts of the Holy Spirit but these
remain invisible and become manifest only in Orthodox Christians who have
attained Christian perfection, purified and prepared beforehand by
repentance. They are given to Saints of God solely at God's good will and
God's action, and not by the will of men and not by one’s own power. These
gifts serve entirely the needs of salvation. Certain charismatics who
claim that they can give evidence of the presence of the Holy Spirit
within them through the practice of speaking in foreign tongues, say that
the fact that Orthodox cannot do this is proof that the Orthodox are not
true Christians. The absence of the gift of tongues shows the absence of
the Holy Spirit in their lives.
I would say that they cannot read and are quite illiterate because St.
Paul clearly says that this gift as many others are not required from all
Christian.
“And God has appointed these in the church, first
apostles, second prophets, third teachers, after that miracles, then gifts
of healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues. Are all apostles?
are all prophets? are all teachers? are all workers of miracles? Have all
the gifts of healing? do all speak with tongues? do all interpret? But
earnestly desire the best gifts: and yet I show you a more excellent way.
Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not love, I
am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the
gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and
though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not
love, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and
though I give my body to be burned, and have not love, it profits me
nothing. Love suffers long, and is kind; love does not envy; love does not
boast, is not puffed up, Does not behave itself unseemly, seeks not her
own, is not easily provoked, thinks no evil; does not rejoice in iniquity,
but rejoices in the truth; Bears all things, believes all things, hopes
all things, endures all things. Love never fails. (Cor. 12: 28 – 13: 8)
To summarize
we should understand and guard well within our minds what true Glossolalia
as a gift of the Holy Spirit is and how to recognize it.
1) If someone speaks a language it must be
understood by those who speak it as well as by those who hear it as in the
case of the Pentecost experience of the Apostles.
2) If the language is not understood by those
hearing it then there must be present someone with the gift of
translation. Without this translation the foreign language is just
babbling and lunacy.
3) Glossolalia was not given to the Church
forever but only in the beginning of Christianity in order to awaken the
idol-worshippers and Jews to belief in Christ. This is why the Apostle
Paul said that the gift of Glossolalia would at some point cease to exist
in the Church.
4) The gift of Glossolalia was a sign
necessary only for the unbelieving and not for the faithful. Since we
believe that Christ is our true God we no longer have need of Glossolalia.
5) From the beginning the gift of Glossolalia
was considered one of the lesser gifts of the Holy Spirit, while the
others, such as that of prophecy, interpretation of Scripture, of love and
the rest, were much greater.
6) Speaking in tongues, as a gift of the Holy
Spirit, does not mean behaving unseemly, with shaking and making strange
movements with the body, with lunacies and incoherent utterances which
resemble more the scenes the idol-worshippers would make before their
idols of Dionysius, and lastly the gifts of the Holy Spirit are not
accompanied by being hit by the spirit and falling backwards. These are
signs that are clearly in contradiction with the Scriptural account found
in the Acts of the Apostles.
In conclusion
to what we have said so far we can definitely say that Modern day Speaking
in Tongues is not the Scriptural gift of Speaking in tongues which was a
gift of the Holy Spirit; some other spirit is at work here which has
deluded these speakers of tongues into thinking that it is good and comes
from God. These people would seem to be correct in calling themselves
"spirit-filled" - but it is certainly not the Holy Spirit with which they
are filled! What then? Are all these people possessed by demons? It is
possible that some are, but in most cases the spirit or spirits are not
working from within but from without. By their own description of their
experiences it is clear that these experiences are mediumistic in
character. To understand this better we can compare it with spiritual
séances. Firstly the atmosphere is spiritually induced by artificial
means, such as by singing hymns, music, prayer, clapping hands and well as
everyone holding hands, ect." Then they give themselves up totally in body
and mind so that the spirit can take full possession. They become a medium
for the spirit to manifest itself in them which is triggered by the laying
of hands by others who themselves are channels of this spirit. A
mediumistic initiation takes place and they experience what they call the
“Baptism of the Holy Spirit”.
This is not something new it has been around long before Christianity
itself. Almost all non-Christian religions make large use of mediumistic
gifts, such as clairvoyance, hypnosis, "miraculous" healing, the
appearance and disappearance of objects as well as their movement from
place to place, etc. What is new is that it has managed to convince a
gullible generation that it is Christian in character.
It is the result of what the Church fathers call prelest or spiritual
deception. It occurs when a person strives for a high spiritual state or
spiritual visions without having been purified of passions and relying on
his own judgment. To such a person the devil grants great
“visions.” There
are many such examples in the Lives of Saints which serve as warnings for
those who have high opinions of their own religiousness, thinking that
they are “Good Christians” with exalted “religious
feelings.” Everyone who does not have a
contrite spirit, who takes pride in himself, who recognizes any kind of
merit or worth in himself, who believes he is worthy to receive miraculous
gifts, who does not hold unwaveringly to the teaching of the Orthodox
Church, who has followed a non-Orthodox teaching or some other tradition
is in this state of deception. The Orthodox Christian is protected against
deception by the very knowledge that such deception not only exists, but
is everywhere, including within himself. It is the greatest deception to
acknowledge oneself to be free of deception. Acknowledgement that we are
all in deception is the greatest preventative against deception.
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